Carneades

The four dimensions in the 16-axis model where this thinker scores highest. People in this archetype tend to lean the same way.

• SRSkeptical Reflex

  9 / 10
• TETrust in Experience

  7 / 10
• VAVital Affirmation

  6 / 10
• SSSovereign Self

  6 / 10

The six thinkers whose 16-dimensional positions sit closest to this one. Useful as next-reading suggestions.

• ArcesilausTOUCHSTONE

  Founder of Academic skepticism — suspend judgment; live by probability.

• Sextus Empiricus the YoungerTOUCHSTONE

  Outlines of Pyrrhonism — full inventory of the skeptical method.

• Lucian of SamosataTOUCHSTONE

  Satirist of dogma — laughter as a corrosive on pretension.

• MontaigneTOUCHSTONE

  Essays — Que sais-je? Skepticism turned into self-portrait.

• Spinozism in BayleTOUCHSTONE

  Pierre Bayle — Dictionary that armed the Enlightenment with skeptical entries.

• Pierre BayleTOUCHSTONE

  Historical and Critical Dictionary — skepticism as the wedge of toleration.

Short exercises in the same tradition as Carneades's thought. Each takes 5–25 minutes.

• Fallacy hunt →

  Pick a real argument from the wild and find three reasoning errors in it.

• Counterexample drill →

  Try to break a moral rule with a single concrete case.

• Steelmanning the opposite →

  Write the strongest possible version of the view you most reject.