Frans de Waal
1948–2024
“Primate ethics — empathy and morality with deep evolutionary roots.”
The four dimensions in the 16-axis model where this thinker scores highest. People in this archetype tend to lean the same way.
- TRTrust in Reason7 / 10
- TETrust in Experience7 / 10
- POPractical Orientation7 / 10
- TDTheoretical Drive7 / 10
The six thinkers whose 16-dimensional positions sit closest to this one. Useful as next-reading suggestions.
- D.S. WilsonCARTOGRAPHER
Multilevel selection — group selection rehabilitated for behavior.
- Ruth MillikanTOUCHSTONE
Biosemantics — content as evolved proper function.
- Susan HaackTOUCHSTONE
Foundherentism — knowledge like a crossword, not a pyramid.
- Edward O. WilsonCARTOGRAPHER
Consilience — unity of knowledge across the natural sciences.
- Owen FlanaganTOUCHSTONE
Naturalized ethics — moral psychology grounded in biology.
- Alva NoëTOUCHSTONE
Out of Our Heads — perception is what we do, not what we have.
Short exercises in the same tradition as Frans de Waal's thought. Each takes 5–25 minutes.
Three doors lead onward.
- 01 · QUIZThe InheritorFind your archetype — discover whether you'd argue with Frans de Waal or alongside them.CONTINUE ▶
- 02 · COMPAREFrans de Waal vs D.S. WilsonOn Mull's map D.S. Wilson sits closest. See where they agree and where they part.CONTINUE ▶
- 03 · DAILYToday's SparOne philosopher, one topic, five minutes. A new one drops every day.CONTINUE ▶