Ruth Millikan

The four dimensions in the 16-axis model where this thinker scores highest. People in this archetype tend to lean the same way.

• TETrust in Experience

  8 / 10
• TRTrust in Reason

  7 / 10
• SRSkeptical Reflex

  7 / 10
• POPractical Orientation

  7 / 10

The six thinkers whose 16-dimensional positions sit closest to this one. Useful as next-reading suggestions.

• Susan HaackTOUCHSTONE

  Foundherentism — knowledge like a crossword, not a pyramid.

• Owen FlanaganTOUCHSTONE

  Naturalized ethics — moral psychology grounded in biology.

• D.S. WilsonCARTOGRAPHER

  Multilevel selection — group selection rehabilitated for behavior.

• Frans de WaalCARTOGRAPHER

  Primate ethics — empathy and morality with deep evolutionary roots.

• Andy ClarkTOUCHSTONE

  Extended mind — cognition leaks out into pen, paper, and phone.

• Alva NoëTOUCHSTONE

  Out of Our Heads — perception is what we do, not what we have.

Short exercises in the same tradition as Ruth Millikan's thought. Each takes 5–25 minutes.

• Fallacy hunt →

  Pick a real argument from the wild and find three reasoning errors in it.

• Counterexample drill →

  Try to break a moral rule with a single concrete case.

• Steelmanning the opposite →

  Write the strongest possible version of the view you most reject.