Joseph Butler

The four dimensions in the 16-axis model where this thinker scores highest. People in this archetype tend to lean the same way.

• RTReverence for Tradition

  8 / 10
• UIUniversalist Impulse

  8 / 10
• TRTrust in Reason

  7 / 10
• CECommunal Embeddedness

  7 / 10

The six thinkers whose 16-dimensional positions sit closest to this one. Useful as next-reading suggestions.

• Philippa FootCARTOGRAPHER

  Natural Goodness — virtues as facts about flourishing creatures.

• Tu WeimingCARTOGRAPHER

  Confucian humanism in dialogue with global ethics.

• Cheng YiCARTOGRAPHER

  Investigation of things — Neo-Confucian study as moral cultivation.

• Paulin HountondjiKEEL

  African Philosophy: Myth and Reality — written discourse over ethnophilosophy.

• Liang ShumingCARTOGRAPHER

  Three cultures compared — Chinese, Indian, Western paths of life.

• Kang YouweiCARTOGRAPHER

  Great Unity — utopian reformist Confucianism for a modern China.

Short exercises in the same tradition as Joseph Butler's thought. Each takes 5–25 minutes.

• The Examen →

  Five-step Ignatian end-of-day review — what was given, what was missed, what to take into tomorrow.

• Switch sides →

  Argue both sides of a debate, alternating, until you no longer know which side you started on.

• Anticipating objections →

  For every position, list the three strongest objections — then answer them.