Pierre Duhem

The four dimensions in the 16-axis model where this thinker scores highest. People in this archetype tend to lean the same way.

• TRTrust in Reason

  7 / 10
• SRSkeptical Reflex

  7 / 10
• VAVital Affirmation

  6 / 10
• TETrust in Experience

  6 / 10

The six thinkers whose 16-dimensional positions sit closest to this one. Useful as next-reading suggestions.

• Norbert WienerCARTOGRAPHER

  Cybernetics — feedback and control as the science of communication.

• Donald DavidsonCARTOGRAPHER

  Anomalous monism; radical interpretation as the test of meaning.

• Jeff McMahanCARTOGRAPHER

  Ethics of Killing — moral status across the boundary cases of life.

• Wilfrid SellarsCARTOGRAPHER

  Myth of the Given — manifest and scientific images side by side.

• Timothy WilliamsonCARTOGRAPHER

  Knowledge first — knowing as the unanalyzable starting point.

• Crispin WrightCARTOGRAPHER

  Realism in question — meaning, truth, and rule-following.

Short exercises in the same tradition as Pierre Duhem's thought. Each takes 5–25 minutes.

• Premortem →

  Imagine the failure of your plan in vivid detail before you start.

• Steelmanning the opposite →

  Write the strongest possible version of the view you most reject.

• Switch sides →

  Argue both sides of a debate, alternating, until you no longer know which side you started on.